HUMAN LEUKOCYTE IFN

Uses

Interferon-γ from mouse has been used:

• for in vitro stimulation of the BMDC (bone marrow derived dendritic cell), BMM (bone marrow-derived macrophages) and CD11c⁺ (CD11 antigen-like family member C) lung macrophages
• for stimulation of murine macrophages to induce the production of nitrite and nitrate
• to check CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ)-mediated changes in the expression of prostaglandin synthesis enzymes in neuroinflammation

Pharmaceutical Applications

A human protein produced by recombinant DNA technology in Escherichia coli, formulated for administration by intramuscular, subcutaneous or intralesional injection. A pegylated form, peginterferon, developed by attaching a 40 kDa branched-chain polyethylene glycol moiety to interferon- α-2a, has a prolonged half-life and is better tolerated. Potency is expressed as international units (IU), defined as the amount needed to prevent lysis of 50% of cells by vesicular stomatitis virus in tissue culture assay.

Biological Activity

In presence of virus infection, IFN β (interferon β) is upregulated and plays a crucial role in innate antiviral response. It is also important for anti-inflammatory effects.', 'Interferon β (IFN-β) suppresses a variety of proinflammatory cytokines in lymphocytes including the interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). It also favors the synthesis of antagonists associated with interleukin IL-10 and IL-1 receptor. IFN-β downregulates interferon γ production but enhances transforming growth factor β1 expression. It has therapeutic potential in treating rheumatoid arthritis and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS).', 'Interferon β has a role in the activation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene expression. It acts as a messenger during bacterial infections.', 'Cytokine with anti-viral, anti-proliferative, immunoregulatory, and proinflammatory activities.

Mechanism of action

Although interferons are mediators of immune response, different mechanisms for the antiviral action of interferon have been proposed. Interferon-α possesses broad-spectrum antiviral activity and acts on virus-infected cells by binding to specific cell surface receptors. It inhibits the transcription and translation of mRNA into viral nucleic acid and protein. Studies in cell-free systems have shown that the addition of adenosine triphosphate and double-stranded RNA to extracts of interferon-treated cells activates cellular RNA proteins and a cellular endonuclease. This activation causes the formation of translation inhibitory protein, which terminates production of viral enzyme, nucleic acid, and structural proteins. Interferon also may act by blocking synthesis of a cleaving enzyme required for viral release.

Pharmacokinetics

Oral absorption: Poor
C_max 3 × 106 IU intramuscularly: 20 IU/mL after 2–4 h
9 × 106 IU intramuscularly: 50–100 IU/mL after 2–4h
Plasma half-life: 3–8 h
Peginterferon: 36 h
Plasma protein binding: Not known
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration is poor. It is not cleared by hemodialysis. Little or none is excreted in the urine, and its fate after release from the cell receptor is largely unknown. The extent of excretion in breast milk is unknown.

Clinical Use

Chronic hepatitis B
Chronic hepatitis C (in combination with ribavirin)
Condyloma acuminata (intralesional)
It may also be of benefit in hairy cell and chronic myelogenous leukemias and Kaposi’s sarcoma.

Side effects

Toxicity has become increasingly apparent with the advent of purer preparations. ‘Flu’-like symptoms (fever, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, malaise, chills) occur, which can usually be ameliorated by acetaminophen (paracetamol) administration. Lymphocytopenia is common, generally arising 2–4 h after administration of several million units. Liver function test values are frequently elevated at doses above 107 IU/day. These effects are rapidly reversible and tolerance may develop after several doses. Other toxic effects include gastrointestinal disturbances (anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting), weight loss, local pain, severe fatigue, alopecia, paresthesias, confusion, dizziness, drowsiness, nervousness and bone marrow suppression. Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia are dose dependent (threshold around 3 × 106 IU/day) and reversible. Hypotension may develop during, or up to 2 days after, treatment, and arrhythmias and cardiac failure have been observed.
Administration of excessive doses to pregnant rhesus monkeys in the early to mid-trimester caused abortions. Its effect on human pregnancy is unknown. Neutralizing antibodies have been reported in about 25% of treated patients but no clinical sequelae to their presence have been documented. Intralesional administration in the treatment of condylomata acuminata is generally well tolerated.
Peginterferon is also associated with fatigue, headache, myalgia and fever; most other side effects occur less frequently.