シアニド 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
解説
シアン化物，シアン化水素酸の塩。青酸塩ともいう。アルカリ金属，アルカリ土類金属の塩はイオン性が強く，水によく溶け，水溶液は加水分解によって強アルカリ性を示す。重金属 (Ag，Auなど) の中性塩は共有結合性の強い，水に難溶性の結晶であるが，過剰のシアン化物イオンの存在で，シアノ錯塩を形成して水に可溶となることが多い。シアン化水素は非常に弱い酸であるため，シアン化物は空気中の二酸化炭素によっても徐々に分解し，強酸とともに加熱するとシアン化水素を発生する。いずれも猛毒で，密栓して保存し，取扱いには注意を要する。金属メッキ液に使われる。
用途
ポリ塩化ビニルの可塑補助剤
特徴
Na塩でC－N 113.6 pm (150 K)
化学的特性
Cyanides comprise a wide range of compounds, all of which have a CN molecule and exist in either a solid, liquid, or gaseous form. Physical characteristics range froma colorless or pale blue liquid with a faint bitter almond-like odor (hydrogen cyanide, HCN) to a white solid, powder, or crystalline hygroscopic salt (sodium cyanide, NaCN) to a colorless toxic gas also with an almond-like odor (cyanogens, NCCN). Cyanide compounds are either organic or inorganic. Organic cyanides contain a noncovalent CN functional group and are typically called the cyano group or nitriles. A common nitrile is methyl cyanide, also known as acetonitrile (CH3CN). Inorganic cyanides have a negatively charged polyatomic cyanide ion (CN) and are generally referred to as cyanides. This group includes the cyanide salts (i.e., sodium cyanide, NaCN) which are considered the most toxic form.
KCN and NaCN are white crystalline solids with a faint almond odor. Sodium cyanide also has a slight odor of hydrocyanic acid when damp. KCN: boiling point=1625℃ ; freezing/melting point=634℃ . NaCN: boiling point 1496℃; freezing/melting point=564℃ . NFPA 704 M Hazard identification (KCN and NaCN): Health 3, flammability 0 , reactivity 1. Soluble in water; slow decomposition releases highly toxic and flammable hydrogen cyanide gas.
使用
Cyanide, standard solution is used to dissolve metals and their ores. It is also used in clinical chemistry and in waste water treatment facilities to determine the concentration of dissolved and particulate materials.
調製方法
Hydrogen cyanide is generally produced at point of use.
Production is covered under 40 CFR 415.420, applicability;
description of the hydrogen cyanide production subcategory.
定義
ChEBI: A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.
一般的な説明
Aqueous solutions with a faint odor of bitter almonds. Toxic by skin absorption, by ingestion, and inhalation of the hydrogen cyanide from the decomposition of the material. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced in fires involving Methyl4-(cyanomethyl)benzoate. Obtain the technical name of the material from the shipping papers and contact CHEMTREC, 800-424-9300 for specific response information.
空気と水の反応
Water soluble. Inorganic cyanides react slowly with water to evolve gaseous hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
反応プロフィール
CYANIDE SOLUTIONS slowly evolve hydrogen cyanide, a flammable and poisonous gas. Acids cause the rapid evolution of HCN. Carbon dioxide from the air is sufficiently acidic to liberate HCN from solutions of cyanides. Incompatible with isocyanates, nitrides, and peroxides. Mayinitiate polymerization reactions of epoxides. May react exothermically with metal salts to produce explosive products or evolve gaseous hydrogen.
危険性
Cellular asphyxiation, respiration inhibition, highly toxic; very poisonous.
健康ハザード
TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.
火災危険
Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Vapors may accumulate in confined areas (basement, tanks, hopper/tank cars etc.). Substance will react with water (some violently), releasing corrosive and/or toxic gases and runoff. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.
化学性质
植物油脂エポキシ化物
安全性プロファイル
Very poisonous by
most routes. Cyanide directly stimulates the
chemoreceptors of the carotid and aortic
bodies with a resultant hyperpnea (increase
in the depth and rate of respiration). Cardac
irregularities are often noted, but the heart
invariably outlasts the respirations. Death is
due to respiratory arrest of central origm. It
can occur withn seconds or minutes of the
inhalation of htgh concentrations of HCN
gas. Because of slower absorption, death
may be more delayed after the ingestion of
cyanide salts, but the critical events sdl
occur within the first hour. Two other
sources of cyanide have been responsible for
human poisoning: the naturally occurring
amygdalin and the drug nitroprusside.
Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside found
in apricot, peach, and similar fruit pits and in
sweet almonds (Sayre and Kaymakcalan,
職業ばく露
Sodium and potassium cyanides are
used primarily in the extraction of ores, electroplating,
metal treatment, and various manufacturing processes.
Iodine cyanide: Used generally for destroying all lower
forms of life; in taxidermy to preserve insects, etc.
発がん性
There is no evidence that exposure
to cyanide causes cancer. USEPA lists cyanide as not
classifiable with respect to its potential to cause cancer in
humans. However, certain compounds included in the cyanide
group may be human carcinogens. For example, acrylonitrile
has been judged to be a probable human carcinogen.
Details of these effects are provided in the appropriate
sections where individual compounds are discussed.
輸送方法
UN1588 Cyanides, inorganic, solid, n.o.s.,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
UN1935
合成方法
植物油脂をエポキシ化する
不和合性
Soluble in water; slow decomposition
releases highly toxic and flammable hydrogen cyanide gas.
The aqueous solution of potassium and sodium cyanide are
highly corrosive, and strong bases. KCN and NaCN react
violently with acids, releasing highly flammable hydrogen
cyanide. Potassium and sodium cyanide are incompatible
with strong oxidizers (such as acids, acid salts; chlorates,
nitrates), organic anhydrides; isocyanates, alkylene oxides;
epichlorohydrin, aldehydes, alcohols, glycols, phenols, cre-
sols, caprolactum. Attacks aluminum, copper, zinc in the
presence of moisture. KCN and NaCN absorb moisture
from the air forming a corrosive syrup.
廃棄物の処理
Consult with environmental
regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal
practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant
(≥100 kg/mo) must conform to EPA regulations governing
storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. In
accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for
the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Must be
disposed properly by following package label directions or
by contacting your local or federal environmental control
agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office. Add
strong alkaline hypochlorite and react for 24 hours. Then
flush to sewer with large volumes of water
.
参考文献
J.W. Bats, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 33, 466 (1977), DOI: 10.1107/S0567740877003872.
シアニド 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品