フルダラビン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
白色～ほとんど白色粉末～結晶
効能
抗悪性腫瘍薬, 代謝拮抗薬
化学的特性
White Solid
使用
Fludarabine is not one of the most used drugs in pediatric oncology area. It is used in combination with other drugs to treat AML in children, mostly those who are receiving second-line therapy. It is commonly sold as 10 mg film-coated tablets and IV vial containing 50mg.
適応症
Fludarabine (Fludara) is a fluorinated purine analogue
of the antiviral agent vidarabine.The active metabolite,
2-fluoro-ara-adenosine triphosphate, inhibits various
enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, including DNA
polymerase-α, ribonucleotide reductase, and DNA primase.
Unlike most antimetabolites, it is toxic to nonproliferating
as well as dividing cells, primarily lymphocytes
and lymphoid cancer cells.
The drug is highly active in the treatment of chronic
lymphocytic leukemia, with approximately 40% of patients
achieving remissions after previous therapy with
alkylating agents has failed. Activity is also seen in the
low-grade lymphomas.
The major side effect is myelosuppression, which
contributes to fevers and infections in as many as half of
treated patients. Nausea and vomiting are mild.
Occasional neurotoxicity has been noted at higher
doses, with agitation, confusion, and visual disturbances.
一般的な説明
The drug is available as the phosphate salt in a 50-mg vialfor IV use. Fludarabine is used to treat chronic lymphocyticleukemia and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The mechanism ofaction involves the triphosphate metabolite and its inhibitionof DNA chain elongation. The 2-fluoro group on the adeninering renders fludarabine resistant to breakdown byadenosine deaminase. The drug is rapidly dephosphorylatedto 2-fluoro-ara-adenosine (F-ara-A) after administration. Fara-A is taken into the cell and subsequently re-phosphorylatedto yield the triphosphate (F-ara-ATP), the active drugspecies. Resistance can occur via decreased expression ofthe activating enzymes and decreased drug transport.Fludarabine is orally bioavailable and is distributed throughoutthe body reaching high levels in liver, kidney, andspleen. The drug is metabolized to F-ara-A, which enterscells via the nucleoside transport system and is rephosphorylatedby deoxycytidine kinase to fludarabine monophosphateand finally fludarabine triphosphate, the activespecies. About 25% of F-ara-A is excreted unchanged inurine. Drug interactions include an increased incidence offatal pulmonary toxicity when fludarabine is used in combinationwith pentostatin. Additionally, fludarabine may potentiate the effects of several other anticancer drugs includingcytarabine, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin.Toxicities include myelosuppression, immunosuppression,fever, nausea, and vomiting.
生物活性
Purine analog that inhibits DNA synthesis. Exhibits antiproliferative activity (IC 50 = 1.54 μ M in RPMI cells) and triggers apoptosis through increasing Bax and decreasing Bid, XIAP and survivin expression. Displays anticancer activity against hematological malignancies in vivo .
Mode of action
Fludarabine is a fluorinated analogue of adenine that is relatively resistant to deamination by adenosine deaminase. Fludarabine phosphate is a prodrug that is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active metabolite triphosphate 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Fludarabine inhibits the DNA synthesis via inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase, DNA polymerase (α, δ, and ε), DNA primase, and DNA ligase. The action mechanism also is by partial inhibition of RNA polymerase II, causing reduction in protein synthesis. It is believed that effects on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis contribute to the inhibition of cell growth, mostly by inhibition of DNA synthesis. Lymphocytes of CLL when exposed, in vitro, to the compound 2-fluoro-ara-A lead to extensive DNA fragmentation and apoptosis.
フルダラビン 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品