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| | Citrullinated GRP78 (human recombinant) Basic information |
| | Citrullinated GRP78 (human recombinant) Chemical Properties |
| | Citrullinated GRP78 (human recombinant) Usage And Synthesis |
| Description | Glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78) is a molecular chaperone that is ubiquitously expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum of mammalian cells. GRP78 can be citrullinated at its 27 arginine residues by protein deiminases (PADs). The accumulation of citrullinated proteins in vivo leads to the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) which perpetuate the inflammatory process. In vitro, ACPAs bind to citrullinated GRP78 expressed on the cell surface of peripheral blood mononuclear cells PMBCs and U937 cells leading to the production of TNF-α. In a mouse model of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), anti-citrullinated GRP78 antibodies are found in the serum. Pre-immunization with citrullinated GRP78 prior to CIA induction shortens the time to joint inflammation and increases arthritis scores compared with non-citrullinated GRP78-immunized and non-immunized control mice. In autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, patient-derived serum contains higher levels of anti-citrullinated GRP78 antibodies than serum derived from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and healthy controls. | | References | [1] J P VOGEL M D R L M Misra. Loss of BiP/GRP78 function blocks translocation of secretory proteins in yeast.[J]. Journal of Cell Biology, 1990, 110 6: 1885-1895. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.110.6.1885
[2] J F SIMONS. BiP/Kar2p serves as a molecular chaperone during carboxypeptidase Y folding in yeast.[J]. Journal of Cell Biology, 1995, 130 1: 41-49. DOI: 10.1083/jcb.130.1.41
[3] M P MAYER B B. Hsp70 chaperones: cellular functions and molecular mechanism.[J]. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 2005, 62 6: 670-684. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-4464-6
[4] HIROFUMI SHODA. Detection of autoantibodies to citrullinated BiP in rheumatoid arthritis patients and pro-inflammatory role of citrullinated BiP in collagen-induced arthritis.[J]. Arthritis Research & Therapy, 2011, 13 6: R191. DOI: 10.1186/ar3520
[5] KRISTINE A KUHN. Antibodies against citrullinated proteins enhance tissue injury in experimental autoimmune arthritis.[J]. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2006, 116 4: 961-973. DOI: 10.1172/jci25422
[6] MING-CHI LU. Anti–citrullinated protein antibodies bind surface-expressed citrullinated Grp78 on monocyte/macrophages and stimulate tumor necrosis factor α production[J]. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 2010, 62 5: 1213-1223. DOI: 10.1002/art.27386
[7] MING-CHI LU. Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies activated ERK1/2 and JNK mitogen-activated protein kinases via binding to surface-expressed citrullinated GRP78 on mononuclear cells.[J]. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 2013, 33 3: 558-566. DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9841-6 |
| | Citrullinated GRP78 (human recombinant) Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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