Aly antibody, often associated with the ALYREF protein (also known as Aly/REF or THOC4), is a key component in RNA export and transcriptional regulation. Identified in the early 2000s, ALYREF functions as an RNA-binding adaptor within the TREX complex, facilitating the transport of spliced mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. It interacts with components of the transcription machinery, including RNA polymerase II, and plays a role in coupling transcription, splicing, and export processes. Dysregulation of ALYREF has been linked to cancers, such as leukemia and solid tumors, where its overexpression correlates with poor prognosis, potentially due to enhanced oncogenic mRNA export. Additionally, Aly antibodies are utilized in research to study RNA metabolism, transcriptional elongation, and nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling mechanisms. In autoimmune contexts, anti-ALYREF antibodies are occasionally detected in conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome, though their pathogenic role remains unclear. The antibody’s significance extends to virology, as ALYREF interacts with viral RNAs to promote infection by certain viruses. Overall, Aly antibodies serve as critical tools for probing RNA biology and disease mechanisms, bridging molecular research with clinical insights. (Word count: 199)