Atropin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R26/28:Sehr giftig beim Einatmen und Verschlucken.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S25:Berührung mit den Augen vermeiden.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
Beschreibung
Atropine is considered to be the
most effective antidote for both OP and CB intoxication.
By effectively competing with acetylcholine for the
same cellular receptors, it prevents overstimulation of
the autonomous parasympathetic system. Most importantly,
it helps prevent asphixia, the main cause of
death. In human subjects, it is customary to constantly
infuse atropine in order to maintain optimal concentration
throughout recovery from the “cholinergic crisis.” In
wildlife rehabilitation, this is impractical and subjects
need to be repeatedly injected with atropine.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Atropine, also known as daturine, C17H23NO3, white, crystalline substance, optically inactive, but usually contains levorotatory hyoscyamine. Compound is soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and glycerol; slightly soluble in water.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Appearance: atropine appears as colourless, odourless crystals or a white crystalline
powder. Solubility: very soluble in water and soluble in ethanol. Melting point:
melting point of atropine isn’t higher than 189?°C (melting time decomposition)
(Chinese Pharmacopoeia), 114–118?°C (United States Pharmacopeia) and 115–
119?°C (British Pharmacopoeia). The chemical structure of atropine is made up of
amino alcohol esters. It is easy for atropine to be hydrolysed into tropine and despun
tropic acid under alkaline condition. Atropine is stable in faintly acid and neutral
aqueous solution, most stable at pH 3.5–4.0.
Verwenden
Atropine is used in medicine and is an antidote for cholinesteraseinhibiting compounds, such as organophosphorus insecticides and certain nerve gases. Atropine is commonly offered as the sulfate. Atropine is used in connection with the treatment of disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conductance, notably in the therapy of sinus bradycardia and sick sinus syndrome. Atropine is also used in some cases of heart block. In particularly high doses, atropine may induce ventricular tachycardia in an ischemic myocardium. Atropine is frequently one of several components in brand name prescription drugs.
Vorbereitung Methode
Atropine is prepared by extraction from Datura stramonium, or synthesized. The compound is toxic and allergenic.
Indications
This product was recorded in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China
(2015), the British Pharmacopoeia (2017), the United States Pharmacopeia (40), the
Japanese Pharmacopoeia (17th ed.), the Indian Pharmacopoeia (2010), the European
Pharmacopoeia (9.0th ed.), the International Pharmacopoeia (5th ed.) and the
Korean Pharmacopoeia (10th ed.).
Atropine sulphate is commonly used in clinics. Dosage forms are injection, tablet and eye ointment; atropine sulphate was mainly used to treat toxic shock and
organic phosphorus pesticide poisoning, to relieve visceral colic, as preanaesthetic
medication and to reduce bronchial mucus secretion. The indications of atropine
sulphate eye gel are iridocyclitis, fundus examination and mydriasis.
Definition
An alkaloid that is the 3(s)-endo isomer of atropine.
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
Atropine, an alkaloid with anticholinergic activity extracted from
Atropa belladonna, has been widely used in medicines for centuries for its
antispasmodic and mydriatic properties. It is also used for premedication prior to
anaesthesia. Preparations containing atropine remain available and the substance
is included in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Atropine is the tropine ester of racemictropic acid and is optically inactive. It possibly occurs naturallyin various Solanaceae, although some claim, with justification,that whatever atropine is isolated from naturalsources results from racemization of (-)-hyoscyamine duringthe isolation process. Conventional methods of alkaloidisolation are used to obtain a crude mixture of atropine andhyoscyamine from the plant material. This crude mixture isracemized to atropine by refluxing in chloroform or by treatmentwith cold dilute alkali. Because the racemizationprocess makes atropine, an official limit is set on thehyoscyamine content by restricting atropine to a maximumlevorotation under specified conditions.
Atropine occurs in the form of optically inactive, white,odorless crystals possessing a bitter taste. It is not very solublein water (1:460, 1:90 at 80°C) but is more soluble inalcohol (1:2, 1:1.2 at 60°C). It is soluble in glycerin (1:27),in chloroform (1:1), and in ether (1:25). Saturated aqueoussolutions are alkaline in reaction (pH 9.5). The free baseis useful when nonaqueous solutions are to be made, such asin oily vehicles and ointment bases. Atropine has a plasmahalf-life of about 2 to 3 hours. It is metabolized in the liverto several products, including tropic acid and tropine.
Hazard
Extremely toxic, poison, paralyzes the
parasympathetic nervous system by blocking the
action of acetylcholine at nerve endings.
Health Hazard
The toxic effects are similar to atropine. Thesymptoms at toxic doses are dilation of the pupils, palpitation, blurred vision, irritation,confusion, distorted perceptions, hallucinations,and delirium. However, the mydriaticeffect is stronger than that of many othertropane alkaloids. Scopolamine is about threeand five times more active than hyocyamineand atropine, respectively, in causing dilationof the pupils. Its stimulating effect on thecentral nervous system, however, is weakerthan that of cocaine but greater than thatof atropine. The oral LD50 value in mice iswithin the range of 1200 mg/kg.
The histidine reversion–Ames test formutagenicity gave inconclusive results.
Clinical Use
The best known of the muscarinic blocking drugs are the
belladonna alkaloids, atropine (Atropine) and scopolamine
(Scopolamine).They are tertiary amines that contain
an ester linkage. Atropine is a racemic mixture of
DL-hyoscyamine, of which only the levorotatory isomer is
pharmacologically active.Atropine and scopolamine are
parent compounds for several semisynthetic derivatives,
and some synthetic compounds with little structural similarity
to the belladonna alkaloids are also in use.All of
the antimuscarinic compounds are amino alcohol esters
with a tertiary amine or quaternary ammonium group.
Sicherheitsprofil
Poison by ingestion,
subcutaneous, intravenous, and
intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic
effects by ingestion and intramuscular
routes: visual field changes, mydriasis
@updlary dtlation), and muscle weakness.
An experimental teratogen. Other
experimental reproductive effects. An
alkaloid. When heated to decomposition it
emits toxic fumes of NOx.
Environmental Fate
Atropine competitively antagonizes acetylcholine at the neuroreceptor
site. Atropine prevents acetylcholine from exhibiting
its usual action but does not decrease acetylcholine production.
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and the central nervous
system are most affected by the antagonism of acetylcholine.
läuterung methode
Atropine crystallises from acetone or hot water, and sublimes at ~ 100o/high vacuum. [Beilstein 21/1 V 235.]
Atropin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
