Nitrocellulose Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
WEISSER FESTSTOFF IN VERSCHIEDENEN FORMEN.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Spontan entzündlich in trockenem Zustand. Schnelle Zersetzung beim Verbrennen unter Feuer- und Explosionsgefahrund unter Bildung von Stickstoffoxiden. Reagiert mit Oxidationsmitteln, Basen und Säuren.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: (s. Anm.)
LECKAGE
Zündquellen entfernen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzgerät, P2-Filter für schädliche Partikel. Feucht halten. Verschüttetes Material in abgedeckten Behältern sammeln. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
R1:In trockenem Zustand explosionsgefährlich.
R10:Entzündlich.
R67:Dämpfe können Schläfrigkeit und Benommenheit verursachen.
R66:Wiederholter Kontakt kann zu spröder oder rissiger Haut führen.
R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
R19:Kann explosionsfähige Peroxide bilden.
R12:Hochentzündlich.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).
S33:Maßnahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S29:Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S9:Behälter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Nitrocellulose is a pulpy, cotton-like solid, or
a colorless liquid solution.
Verwenden
Nitrocellulose is used as a propellant in artillery ammunition, in small-arms ammunition, in chemical explosives, and in smokeless powder. It is made by reacting cotton with nitric acid.
synthetische
Cellulose nitrate is prepared according to the following reaction:
C6H10O5+HNO3-->[-C6H7O2(OH)(ONO2)2-]n
The nitrogen content for plastics is usually about 11%, for lacquers and cement base it is 12%, and for explosives it is 13%. The standard plasticizer added is camphor.
Key properties of cellulose nitrate are good dimensional stability, low water absorption, and toughness. Its disadvantages are its flammability and lack of stability to heat and sunlight.
Definition
cellulose nitrate: A highly flammablematerial made by treating cellulose(wood pulp) with concentratednitric acid. Despite the alternativename nitrocellulose, the compound isin fact an ester (containing CONO
2groups), not a nitro compound(which would contain C–NO
2). It isused in explosives (as guncotton) andcelluloid.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Pale yellow syrupy liquid with an ether-like odor. Floats on water. Produces an irritating vapor. Immiscible with water. Boiling point is around 94°F.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
Nitrocellulose is a solution of pyroxylin in ether and alcohol with a flash point of approximately 0°F.
Hazard
Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion
risk. Somewhat less flammable when wet.
Health Hazard
High concentration of ether fumes may cause narcosis, loss of consciousness and respiratory paralysis if inhaled. Contact with eyes causes irritation.
Brandgefahr
Nitrocellulose is a white fibrous solid or amorphous powder. It is wetted with water, alcohol, or other solvent for handling and storage. It may be made to various forms, gel, flake, granular, or powder. Dry material is a low explosive and often used in combination with another explosive, such as nitroglycerine, to obtain more brisance for the composition. Dry nitrocellulose does not detonate but deflagrates. When wetted with water or alcohol, its sensitivity is considerably reduced.
Nitrocellulose presents three types of hazards. As mentioned earlier, it is an explosive compound. It explodes upon burning or friction. It is a flammable solid having a flash point of 13°C (55 °F). It can therefore ignite at ambient temperatures, thus presenting a severe fire and explosion hazard. It burns at a very rapid rate. The combustion products consist of extremely toxic gases: notably, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen.
Fires involving nitrocellulose should be fought with extreme caution. Unmanned fixed turrets and hose nozzles should be used. Since nitrocellulose produces oxygen on decomposition, a large volume of water should be applied through spray nozzles to cool the material and wet the entire surface. Self-contained breathing apparatus must be worn by firefighters for protection against highly toxic gases.
.
Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung
Cellulose nitrate is a highly flammable material made by
treating cellulose (wood pulp) with a mixture of
concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulphuric acid.
Despite the alternative name, nitrocellulose, cellulose
nitrate is an ester of cellulose containing -ONO
2 groups
and is not a nitro compound. It is used in explosives and
celluloid.
Industrielle Verwendung
Cellulose nitrates are materials made by treatingcellulose with a mixture of nitric and sulfuricacids, washing free of acid, bleaching,stabilizing, and dehydrating. For sheets, rods, and tubes it is mixed with plasticizers and pigmentsand rolled or drawn to the shape desired.The lower nitrates are very inflammable, butthey do not explode like the high nitrates, andthey are the ones used for plastics, rayons, andlacquers, although their use for clothing fabricsis restricted by law. The names cellulose nitrateand pyroxylin are used for the compounds oflower nitration, and the term nitrocellulose isused for the explosives.The outstanding toughness properties ofcellulose nitrate lead to its continuing use insuch applications as optical frames, shoe eyelets,ping pong balls, and pen barrels.
Sicherheitsprofil
Very low oral toxicity.
Flammable solid. Highly dangerous fire
hazard in the dry state when exposed to
heat, flame, or powerful oxidizers. When
wet with 35% of denatured ethanol it is
about as hazardous as ethanol alone or
gasoline. Dry cellulose tetranitrate burns
rapidly with intense heat and ignites easily.
Moderately dangerous explosion hazard. To
fight fire, use copious volumes of water;
alcohol foam. CO2 is effective in
extinguishing fires of nitrocellulose solvents.
See also EXPLOSIVES, HIGH.
mögliche Exposition
It is used in making explosives, rocket
propellants and celluloid.
Environmental Fate
The physicochemical properties of nitrocellulose limit dispersion
throughout the environment. In addition to those noted
earlier, the melting point of the solid is relatively high (between
169 and 170℃), the flash point is 12.8 ℃, and nitrocellulose
is nonvolatile. Nitrocellulose is insoluble in water, and thus is
not detected in high concentrations in water, and tends to stay
on sediments. Direct decomposition of nitrocellulose is
unlikely, as the degradation process needs a severe chemical
reaction like alkaline hydrolysis to break its beta 1 → 4-
glucoside units bond linkages.
Because of its particulate character, specific gravity, and
low solubility, nitrocellulose particles tend to accumulate in
sediments in aqueous systems. The settled particles are very
stable and resistant to degradation for long periods of time.
They appear to remain unchanged in the environment. Their
biodecomposition by microorganisms is also not likely. No
studies are available on their long-range transport.
Lager
Nitrocellulose should be stored as a wetted substance and never allowed to go dry. Storage should be in a cool, well-entilated location isolated from all heat sources. Shipping should be in steel drums or barrels wet with 25-35% alcohol, water, or other solvent.
Versand/Shipping
UN2555, UN2556 and UN2557 requires a shipping
label of “FLAMMABLE SOLID.” They fall in DOT
Hazard Class 4.1. UN0342 and UN0343 requires a shipping
label of “EXPLOSIVE.” They fall in DOT Hazard Class
1.3C.
Inkompatibilitäten
Dust and powder form explosive mixture
with air. Keep wet; do not allow to become dry. Dry material
is a shock-sensitive explosive. Desensitize using water
or alcohol. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates,
peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine,
fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep
away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids,
oxoacids, epoxides.
Nitrocellulose Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
