黒鉛 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
暗灰黒色の粉末
定義
本品は、結晶化した炭素である。
定義
碳的同素异形体之一。化学名称是石墨。作为碳的元素矿物，有伴随变质岩的天然矿物和通过石墨化无定形碳制成的人造矿物。六角板状晶体。它具有黑色或钢灰色的金属光泽。它具有优良的耐热性、抗冲击性和耐腐蚀性，并具有良好的导电性和导热性。化学性质稳定。广泛用作各种电气设备的材料、耐火砖、核反应堆的中子减速剂、铅笔芯等，以及润滑油、减摩剂、模具等化工设备的碳制品材料。石墨。[大和本庄 (1709)] [矿物紫辉 (1890)]
人工物
石油コークスなどを1400℃で煆焼(かしょう)して揮発分を除き、結合材を加えて800℃で焼成し、2500～3000℃に熱してつくる。灰黒色の光沢ある六方晶系の板状結晶。石墨は層状格子で、平面内での結合は強いのに、平面間を結ぶ力は弱いので、はがれやすい。また、他の原子が反応して平面の間に入り込んだ層間化合物をつくる。黒鉛は，融点が高く、熱膨張性が低く、高温に耐えうること、電気・熱の伝導性があること、化学的にも安定であることなどから、鉄鋼、アルミニウム、各種化学工業の分野で電極、導電材、耐火剤、耐薬品材料、原子炉の中性子の減速材、減摩剤、鉛筆の芯(しん)などとして使われている。［守永健一・中原勝儼］
天然鉱物
非金属元素鉱物の一つ。六方相と三方相の二つの多型がある。ダイヤモンド、ロンズデール石（2Hおよび4Hの2種の多型がある）、チャオ石とは同質異像関係にある。黒鉛は，変成岩、とくにある種の片麻岩(へんまがん)中に濃集して産し、鉱床を形成するほか、再結晶石灰岩中、そのスカルン化産物中、低変成度の広域変成岩中、ある種の閃緑(せんりょく)岩中に産し、含有する岩石に還元環境を与える。変成岩中に脈をなすものではマグマ起源の成因が暗示されている。自形結晶は六角板状をなすが、多くは鱗片(りんぺん)状あるいは土状。日本では、富山県上新川(かみにいかわ)郡千野谷(せんのたに)鉱山（閉山）、岐阜県吉城(よしき)郡河合(かわい)村（現、飛騨(ひだ)市河合町）天生(あもう)鉱山（閉山）などで鉱床として稼行された。英名はギリシア語の「書くこと」を意味するグラフに由来する。［加藤 昭 2017年8月21日］
用途
新加工材の開発研究、触媒の保持担体。
用途
合成原料、機能性材料、合成樹脂添加剤、潤滑剤、剥離剤。
化粧品の成分用途
着色剤
化学的特性
Graphite is crystallized carbon and usually
appears as soft, black scales. There are two types of graph ite, natural and artificial (activated). Natural and synthetic
graphite may be mixed with each other or contain other
additives.
天然物の起源
Graphite is usually found in metamorphic rocks as veins, lenses, and pockets and as thin laminae disseminated in gneisses, schists, and phyllites. Depending upon the mode of occurrence
and origin, it is graded into three forms: flake graphite found in metamorphosed rocks as vein
deposits, crystalline graphite found as fissure-filled veins, and cryptocrystalline graphite formed in metamorphosed coal beds. Natural graphite occurs in many parts of the world in
fair abundance and it has been used in various applications.
In nature, graphite is found
usually in association with feldspars, mica, quartz, pyroxene, rutile, pyrites, and apatite.
These impurities are associated with vein graphite. The impurities with amorphous graphite
are shale, slate, sandstone, quartz, and limestone. Graphite is found in almost every country,
but Ceylon, Madagascar, Mexico, western Germany, and Korea all possess particularly plentiful reserves. Major industrial producers of graphite are South Korea, the largest producer
in the world, followed by Austria.
使用
High-temperature lubricant,
crucible container for handling
molten metals such as Mg, Al,
Zn, Ga, Sb, and Bi
使用
For "lead" pencils, refractory crucibles, stove polish; as pigment, lubricant, graphite cement; for matches and explosives, commutator brushes, anodes, arc-lamp carbons, electroplating; polishing Compounds, rust and needle-paper; coating for cathode ray tubes; moderator in nuclear piles.
定義
An allotrope of CARBON.
Graphite is a good conductor of heat and
electricity. The atoms are arranged in layers
which cleave easily and graphite is used
as a solid lubricant.
一般的な説明
A mineral form of the element carbon. Hexagonal crystals or thin leaf-like layers. Steel-gray to black with a metallic luster and a greasy feel. An electrical conductor. Used for high-temperature crucibles, as a lubricant and in "lead" pencils.
反応プロフィール
GRAPHITE is non-flammable in bulk form, but combustible. A reducing agent. Mixtures of graphite dust and air are explosive when ignited.Reacts violently with very strong oxidizing agents such as fluorine, chlorine dioxide, and potassium peroxide. Almost inert chemically when in bulk form. Keep away from ignition sources and oxidizing agents.
健康ハザード
Pure synthetic graphite acts as
an inert or nuisance dust.
工業用途
Graphite is a form of carbon. It was formerlyknown as black lead, and when first used forpencils was called Flanders’ stone. It is a naturalvariety of elemental carbon with a grayishblackcolor and a metallic tinge.
Carbon and graphite have been used inindustry for many years, primarily as electrodes,arc carbons, brush carbons, and bearings.In the last decade or so, development ofnew types and emergence of graphite fibers asa promising reinforcement for high-performancecomposites have significantly increasedthe versatility of this family of materials.
職業ばく露
Natural graphite is used in foundry
facings, steel making lubricants, refractories, crucibles,
pencil “lead,” paints, pigments, and stove polish. Artificial
graphite may be substituted for these uses with the excep tion of clay crucibles; other types of crucibles may be pro duced from artificial graphite. Additionally, it may be used
as a high temperature lubricant or for electrodes. It is uti lized in the electrical industry in electrodes, brushes, con tacts, and electronic tube rectifier elements; as a constituent
in lubricating oils and greases; to treat friction elements,
such as brake linings; to prevent molds from sticking
together; and in moderators in nuclear reactors. In addition,
concerns have been expressed about synthetic graphite in
fibrous form. Those exposed are involved in production of
graphite fibers from pitch or acrylonitrile fibers and the
manufacture and use of composites of plastics, metals, or
ceramics reinforced with graphite fibers.
輸送方法
UN1362 Carbon, activated, Hazard Class: 4.2;
Labels: 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material, International.
純化方法
Treat graphite with hot 1:1 HCl. Then filter, wash and the dried powdered is heated in an evacuated quartz tube at 1000o until a high vacuum is obtained. Cool this and store it in an atmosphere of helium [Craig et al. J Phys Chem 60 1225 1956].
不和合性
Graphite is a strong reducing agent and
reacts violently with oxidizers, such as fluorine, chlorine
trifluoride, and potassium peroxide. Forms an explosive
mixture with air. May be spontaneously combustible in air.
廃棄物の処理
Do not incinerate. Carbon
(graphite) fibers are difficult to dispose of by incineration.
Waste fibers should be packaged and disposed of in a land fill authorized for the disposal of special wastes of this
nature, or as otherwise may be required by law.
黒鉛 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品