Maltotetraose

Description

Maltotetraose is a tetrasaccharide that is composed of glucose molecules linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds and has been found in B. stearothermophilus. It increases the α-amylase synthesis rate in B. stearothermophilus 3-fold greater than sucrose or glucose when used at a concentration of 0.1 mM. Maltotetraose (750 μg/ml) inhibits the growth of E. carotovora in a cylinder-agar plate assay but does not affect the growth of several other microorganisms. It also inhibits TNF-α-induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in MOVAS-1 mouse smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) transfected with an ICAM-1 luciferase reporter when used at a concentration of 20 μM.

Chemical Properties

white powder or crystals

Uses

Maltotetraose is a maltooligosaccharide that is used for research and diagnostic purposes. They can also be used in nutrients and healthcare.

Uses

inhibits AIDS virus infection in vitro and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1beta, and causes a marked depression of chemiluminescence activity

Definition

ChEBI: A maltotetraose tetrasaccharide in which the glucose residue at the reducing end is in the aldehydo open-chain form.

Synthesis

1. Preparation of maltotetrasaccharide by single enzyme method

Maltotetrasaccharide amylase is mainly used to decompose starch to get. Due to the unique molecular structure of the enzyme, the starch needs to be pre-treated, so that its DE value is controlled at 8~12, the amount of added maltotetrasaccharide enzyme should be controlled at 0.02%, the optimal reaction temperature is 58 , the optimal reaction pH is 6.8~7.0, and the optimal reaction time is 6~7 h, so as to obtain the crude hydrolyzed liquid of maltotetrasaccharide. The crude hydrolysate is then inactivated, cooled and clarified, filtered, concentrated in vacuum, spray-dried and finished as a solid product. The method is simple and easy to use, and the cost is not high, it is widely used.

2. Preparation of maltotetrasaccharide by synergistic action of Pullulanase

Pululanase is a branched-chain amylase, which has a strong hydrolysis effect on branched-chain starch and glycogen and other branched α-1,6 glycosidic bonds, the production of oligomeric isomaltose, most of the corn and tapioca starch as a raw material, starch liquefaction, saccharification or re-transglycosylation, and then by filtration, ion exchange and other treatments to get the syrup with a certain concentration of syrup or powdered sugar. Utilizing the enzyme method to produce malt tetrasaccharide, prulanase should be added appropriately as a synergistic enzyme. Because after adding Pullulanase most of the starch sugar filtration speed is slowed down, but the syrup transmittance ratio increases, which is conducive to improving the quality of sugar.

References

[1] JRGEN SAUER . Glucoamylase: structure/function relationships, and protein engineering[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 2000, 1543 2: Pages 275-293. DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(00)00232-6
[2] N E WELKER  L L C. INDUCTION OF ALPHA-AMYLASE OF BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILUS BY MALTODEXTRINS.[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1963, 86: 687-691. DOI: 10.1128/jb.86.4.687-691.1963
[3] M FUJITA. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene (amyP) for maltotetraose-forming amylase from Pseudomonas stutzeri MO-19.[J]. Journal of Bacteriology, 1989, 171 3: 1333-1339. DOI: 10.1128/jb.171.3.1333-1339.1989
[4] H KONDO. Isolation of maltotetraose from Streptomyces as an antibiotic against Erwinia carotovora.[J]. Journal of Antibiotics, 1975, 28 2: 157-160. DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.28.157
[5] SOON YOUNG SHIN. Inhibition of PDGF-induced migration and TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression by maltotetraose from bamboo stem extract (BSE) in mouse vascular smooth muscle cells[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2016, 60 9: 2086-2097. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500601