沉降系数：70S（原核生物核糖体特征，区别于真核生物的 80S 核糖体）。
亚基组成：
30S 小亚基：
包含 16S rRNA（约 1540 个核苷酸）和 21 种核糖体蛋白质（简称 r 蛋白）。
功能：结合 mRNA 和起始 tRNA，解码遗传密码（识别密码子与反密码子配对）。
50S 大亚基：
包含 23S rRNA（约 2900 个核苷酸）、5S rRNA（约 120 个核苷酸）和 31 种 r 蛋白。
功能：催化肽键形成（由 23S rRNA 的核糖体 RNA 酶活性中心介导，属于核酶），结合延伸中的 tRNA 和释放因子。
蛋白质合成：以 mRNA 为模板，通过 tRNA 携带氨基酸，在核糖体上通过翻译过程合成多肽链。
分子识别：小亚基负责读取 mRNA 序列，大亚基催化肽键形成，两者协同完成密码子 - 反密码子配对、氨基酸连接和肽链延伸。
原核特异性：70S 核糖体是原核生物的标志，其结构与真核生物 80S 核糖体（由 40S 和 60S 亚基组成）存在差异，是抗生素（如链霉素、氯霉素）的靶向位点。
高效性：大肠杆菌核糖体在适宜条件下每秒可聚合约 20 个氨基酸，满足细菌快速生长的需求。
Sedimentation Coefficient: 70S (characteristic of prokaryotic ribosomes, distinguishing them from eukaryotic 80S ribosomes).
Subunit Composition:
30S Small Subunit:
Contains 16S rRNA (approximately 1,540 nucleotides) and 21 ribosomal proteins (r-proteins).
Function: Binds to mRNA and initiator tRNA, decodes the genetic code by recognizing codon-anticodon pairing.
50S Large Subunit:
Contains 23S rRNA (approximately 2,900 nucleotides), 5S rRNA (approximately 120 nucleotides), and 31 r-proteins.
Function: Catalyzes peptide bond formation (mediated by the ribozyme active center of 23S rRNA, a ribozyme), and binds elongating tRNAs and release factors.
Protein Synthesis: Uses mRNA as a template, carries amino acids via tRNA, and synthesizes polypeptide chains through translation on the ribosome.
Molecular Recognition: The small subunit reads the mRNA sequence, while the large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation. Both subunits work together to facilitate codon-anticodon pairing, amino acid linking, and peptide chain elongation.
Prokaryotic Specificity: The 70S ribosome is a hallmark of prokaryotes. Its structural differences from eukaryotic 80S ribosomes (composed of 40S and 60S subunits) make it a target for antibiotics (e.g., streptomycin binding to 30S, chloramphenicol binding to 50S).
High Efficiency: Under optimal conditions, the E. coli ribosome can polymerize approximately 20 amino acids per second, meeting the rapid growth demands of bacteria.
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