The GAR1 antibody targets GAR1 (GAR1 ribonucleoprotein), a crucial component of the H/ACA small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein (snoRNP) complex involved in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and telomerase stabilization. GAR1. encoded by the GAR1 gene, interacts with dyskerin, NHP2. and NOP10 to guide site-specific pseudouridylation of rRNA, essential for ribosome biogenesis and function. Dysregulation of H/ACA snoRNPs is linked to ribosomopathies and cancer, particularly due to their role in telomere maintenance via telomerase RNA maturation.
In cancer, GAR1 overexpression is observed in certain malignancies, correlating with enhanced telomerase activity and cell proliferation. GAR1 antibodies have thus been explored as tools to study snoRNP dynamics in oncogenesis. Additionally, GAR1 autoantibodies are implicated in autoimmune diseases, notably systemic sclerosis (scleroderma), where they serve as potential biomarkers. Their presence may reflect molecular mimicry or aberrant immune responses targeting snoRNP components.
Research on GAR1 antibodies focuses on their diagnostic utility, mechanistic roles in disease, and therapeutic targeting. Challenges include elucidating their precise pathogenic contributions and optimizing detection methods. Overall, GAR1 antibodies represent valuable probes for understanding snoRNP biology and developing biomarkers or therapies for cancer and autoimmune disorders.