Lindan Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
WEISSES KRISTALLINES PULVER.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Bei Kontakt mit heißen Gegenständen oder Flammen Zersetzung unter Bildung von giftigen und ätzenden Rauchen. Die Substanz zersetzt sich bei Kontakt mit Basen unter Bildung von Trichlorbenzol und bei Kontakt mit Metallpulver.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 0.5 mg/m?(als TWA); Hautresorption; Krebskategorie A3 (bestätigte krebserzeugende Wirkung beim Tier mit unbekannter Bedeutung für den Menschen); (ACGIH 2006).
MAK: 0.1 mg/m? (Einatembare Fraktion) Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor II(8); Hautresorption (H); Krebserzeugend Kategorie 4; Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; BAT vorhanden; (DFG 2007).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Eine gesundheitsschädliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann schnell erreicht werden beim Dispergieren.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem mit Krämpfen. Exposition kann zum Tod führen. ärztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf die Leber. In Tierversuchen wurden Tumore beobachtet. Die Bedeutung für den Menschen ist nicht bekannt.
LECKAGE
Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzgerät, P3-Filter für giftige Partikel. Chemikalienschutzanzug. Schutzhandschuhe. Verschüttetes Material in nichtmetallischen, abdichtbaren Behältern sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R20/21:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen und bei Berührung mit der Haut.
R25:Giftig beim Verschlucken.
R48/22:Gesundheitsschädlich: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Verschlucken.
R50/53:Sehr giftig für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R64:Kann Säuglinge über die Muttermilch schädigen.
R39/23/24/25:Giftig: ernste Gefahr irreversiblen Schadens durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R23/24/25:Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R67:Dämpfe können Schläfrigkeit und Benommenheit verursachen.
R65:Gesundheitsschädlich: kann beim Verschlucken Lungenschäden verursachen.
R38:Reizt die Haut.
R52/53:Schädlich für Wasserorganismen, kann in Gewässern längerfristig schädliche Wirkungen haben.
R62:Kann möglicherweise die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit beeinträchtigen.
R48/20:Gesundheitsschädlich: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Einatmen.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S60:Dieses Produkt und sein Behälter sind als gefährlicher Abfall zu entsorgen.
S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
S62:Bei Verschlucken kein Erbrechen herbeiführen. Sofort ärztlichen Rat einholen und Verpackung oder dieses Etikett vorzeigen.
S33:Maßnahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S29:Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S9:Behälter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
Beschreibung
Lindane is one of eight different hexachlorocyclohexane
(HCH), [58-89-9], C6H6Cl6, isomers and
its Chemical Abstract name is 1α, 2α,3β,4α,5α,6β-
hexachlorocyclohexane 58-89-9 (γ-HCH or γ -BHC, benzene
hexachloride) (80). Commercial products containing
lindane are marketed as either a mixture of isomers
or as the pure γ -BHC isomer. Not unexpectedly, lindane
is a highly stable lipophilic compound and it has
been used extensively worldwide as an insecticide. In
contrast, hexachloropentadiene, [77-47-4], C5Cl6, is an
extremely reactive industrial intermediate used as a chemical
intermediate in the synthesis of a broad range of
cyclodiene-derived pesticides, which include endosulfan,
endrin, heptachlor, and several different organohalogen
flame retardants (81).
Chemische Eigenschaften
Lindane is a white to yellow, crystalline powder with a slight, musty odor (pure material is odorless).
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Colorless to yellow crystalline solid with a slight, musty, chlorinated-like odor. Odor threshold
concentration is 12.0 mg/kg (Sigworth, 1964). Robeck et al. (1965) reported an odor threshold of
330 ppb.
Verwenden
The only identified uses for hexachlorocyclohexane-containing products are based on the insecticidal activity of the γ isomer (lindane), which is considered to be the only insecticidally effective component (Extoxnet 1996). Lindane or technical-grade hexachlorocyclohexane containing the γ isomer is used primarily as an insecticide in the treatment of wood and wooden structures, seed grains, and livestock (ATSDR 2005, HSDB 2009). Other major uses are as an insecticide for several dozen fruit and vegetable crops, in baits and seed treatments for rodent control, and for treatment of scabies (mites) and lice. It is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration foruse in three products for the treatment of lice and scabies (one lotionand two shampoos) (FDA 2009). Agricultural and pesticide uses accounted for about 270,000 kg (594,000 lb) of lindane and 450,000 kg (1 million pounds) of technical-grade hexachlorocyclohexane in 1974;the remaining uses were industrial or pharmaceutical (IARC 1979).
Indications
Lindane (Gamma benzene hexachloride, Kwell, Thionex) is a cyclic chlorinated
hydrocarbon originally developed as an agricultural insecticide. It is absorbed
through the chitinous exoskeleton and stimulates the nervous system, resulting in
seizures and death of the insect. It is both a pediculicide and scabicide, with a
45% to 70% ovicidal effect. Resistance has been shown to Pediculosis capitis and
Sarcoptes scabiei.
Lindane can be absorbed through intact skin following topical
application and has the potential for CNS toxicity. It should therefore be used with
great caution in infants, children <2 years of age, elderly patients, and pregnant
and lactating women. It may be irritating to the eyes or mucous membranes; hence,
these areas should be avoided. Irritant dermatitis may occur with use of excessive amounts or over prolonged periods. Toxicity, if overused, may result in nausea,
vomiting, seizures, or even bone marrow suppression.
Lindane is an organochlorine with very slow onset of action and poor ovicidal activity;
it takes over 3 hours to kill the lice during which increased lice crawling and
twitching can cause increased pruritus for the patient. Lindane is available as a
shampoo for the treatment of pediculosis capitis and/or pubis and in cream and
lotion form for treating scabies and all forms of pediculosis. GBH also repels
ticks and other arthropods and kills chiggers.
Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)
Lindane has been available for more than 25 years and is widely
used as an agricultural and household pesticide.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
Colorless solid with a musty odor; pure material is odorless. Used as a pesticide and scabicide.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Insoluble in water.
Reaktivität anzeigen
LINDANE is incompatible with strong bases. LINDANE is incompatible with powdered metals such as iron, zinc and aluminum. LINDANE is also incompatible with oxidizing agents. LINDANE can undergo oxidation when in contact with ozone. When exposed to alkalis, LINDANE undergoes dehydrochlorination.
Health Hazard
LINDANE is a stimulant of the nervous system, causing violent convulsions that are rapid in onset and generally followed by death or recovery within 24 hours. The probable human oral lethal dose is 50-500 mg/kg, or between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for a 150-lb (70 kg) person.
Brandgefahr
When heated to decomposition, LINDANE emits toxic fumes of chlorine, hydrochloric acid, and phosgene.
Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung
Insecticide, Rodenticide: Lindane has been used against insects in a wide
range of applications including treatment of animals,
buildings, man for ectoparasites, clothes, water for mosquitoes,
living plants, seeds and soils. Most applications
have been canceled due to excessive residues, e.g., stored
foodstuffs, that may cause cancer. Formulators, distributors
and users of lindane represent a special risk group.
The major use of lindane in recent years has been to pretreat
seeds. Other uses include sunflowers, peas, wheat,
barley and oats. Lindane is currently also used in lotions,
creams and shampoos for the control of lice and mites
in humans. Not approved for use in EU countries. A
U.S. EPA restricted Use Pesticide (RUP). Lindane should
be handled as a carcinogen, with extreme caution. Most
applications have been canceled. It has not been produced
in the U.S. since 1977; however, it is still imported into
the U.S. and formulated to treat head lice, body lice and
scabies.
Kontakt-Allergie
Lindane is a pesticide used for its antiinsect properties in agriculture, wood protection, in antiinsect paints and veterinary and human medicine against many and veterinary and human medicine against many and demodicidosis. Its use is controlled, particularlybecause of neurological toxicity
Clinical Use
Lindane is 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane, -benzenehexachloride, or benzene hexachloride (Kwell, Scabene,Kwildane, G-Well). This halogenated hydrocarbon is preparedby the chlorination of benzene. A mixture of isomersis obtained in this process, five of which have been isolated:α, β, γ, δ, and ε. The γ-isomer, present to 10% to 13% inthe mixture, is responsible for the insecticidal activity. The -isomer may be separated by various extraction and chromatographictechniques.Lindane occurs as a light buff to tan powder with a persistentmusty odor, and it is bitter. It is insoluble in water butsoluble in most organic solvents. It is stable under acidic orneutral conditions but undergoes elimination reactions underalkaline conditions.The action of lindane against insects is threefold: it is a directcontact poison, it has a fumigant effect, and it acts as astomach poison. The effect of lindane on insects is similar tothat of DDT. Its toxicity in humans is somewhat lower thanthat of DDT. Because of its lipid solubility properties, however,lindane when ingested tends to accumulate in the body.Lindane is used locally as a cream, lotion, or shampoo forthe treatment of scabies and pediculosis.
Sicherheitsprofil
Confirmed carcinogen
with experimental carcinogenic and
neoplastigenic data. A human systemic
poison by ingestion. Also a poison by
ingestion, skin contact, intraperitoneal,
intravenous, and intramuscular routes.
Human systemic effects by ingestion:
convulsions, dyspnea, and cyanosis.
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive
effects. Mutation data reported. See also
BENZENE HEXACHLORIDE and other
benzene hexachloride entries. When heated
to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of
Cl-, HCl, and phosgene.
mögliche Exposition
The major commercial usage of BHC
is based upon its insecticidal properties. α-BCH is used as
an Agricultural chemical, pesticide, pharmaceutical, and
veterinary drug. The 7-isomer has the highest acute toxic ity, but the other isomers are not without activity. It is gen erally advantageous to purify the 7-isomer from the less
active isomers. The γ-isomer acts on the nervous system of
insects, principally at the level of the nerve ganglia. As a
result, lindane has been used against insects in a wide range
of applications including treatment of animals, buildings,
humans for ectoparasites, clothes; water for mosquitoes;
living plants; seeds and soils. Some applications have been
abandoned due to excessive residues, e.g., stored food stuffs. By voluntary action, the principal domestic producer
of technical grade BHC requested cancellation of its BHC
registrations on September 1, 1976. As of July 21, 1978, all
registrants of pesticide products containing BHC voluntar ily canceled their registrations or switched their former
BHC products to lindane formulations.
Carcinogenicity
Lindane (as γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), hexachlorocyclohexan
e (technical grade), and other hexachlorocyclohexane isomers are reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Stoffwechselwegen
The metabolic pathways of gamma-HCH are complex and more than 80
metabolites have been identified (Macholz and Kujawa, 1985). Dehydrohalogenation
reactions are important. Gamma-HCH may be converted
into other HCH isomers in the environment and also microorganisms and
plants may convert gamma-HCH (1) into the alpha (2), beta (3), or delta
(4) isomers (see Schemel). Bioisomerisation does not appear to be a significant
pathway in mammals. In animals, metabolism of gamma-HCH
generally leads to less-chlorinated, unsaturated metabolites. Chlorinated
phenols may be formed and excreted as glucuronides. In a detailed discussion
of the biodegradation of gamma-HCH, the reaction mechanisms
involved were critically reviewed (Kurihara and Nakajima, 1980).
Oxygenation or glutathione conjugation are important initial stages in
metabolism. Key intermediates in the metabolic pathways are hexachlorocyclohexene
(18), pentachlorocyclohexene (5) and tetrachlorocyclohexene
(6) and these have been identified in a number of organisms
(Macholz and Kujawa, 1985).
Versand/Shipping
UN2761 Organochlorine pesticides, solid, toxic,
Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials.
läuterung methode
Crystallise it from EtOH. Purify it also by zone melting. Possible CANCER AGENT, TOXIC. [: Beilstein 1 H 23, : Beilstein 5 I 8, many isomers : Beilstein 5 III 41, 5 IV 55.]
Inkompatibilitäten
Lindane decomposes on contact with
powdered iron, aluminum, and zinc and with alkalis producing trichlorobenzene. Corrosive to metals
Waste disposal
For the disposal of lindane, a
process has been developed involving destructive pyrolysis
@ 400-500℃ with a catalyst mixture which contains
5%-10% of either cupric chloride, ferric chloride; zinc
chloride; or aluminum chloride on activated carbon.
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste
containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform
with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation,
treatment, and waste disposal.
Lindan Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Methanol solution
Tetrachlorvinphos
(1α,2β,3α,4β,5α,6β)-1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorcyclohexan
Chlor
4,5,6,7,8,8-Hexachlor-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-inden
Raw powder
Benzol
[2H12]Cyclohexan
Downstream Produkte
