Acrylamid Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
WEISSE KRISTALLE.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Polymerisiert sehr heftig beim Erhitzen über 85 °C oder unter Einfluss von Licht und Oxidationsmitteln.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 0,03 mg/m?(als TWA) Hautresorption; Krebskategorie A3 (bestätigte krebserzeugende Wirkung beim Tier mit unbekannter Bedeutung für den Menschen); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: Hautresorption; Sensibilisierung der Haut; Krebserzeugend Kategorie 2; Keimzellmutagen Kategorie 2; (DFG 2006).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20 °C vernachlässigbar; eine gesundheitsschädliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Hautund die Atmungsorgane. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das Zentralnervensystem.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf das Nervensystem mit nachfolgenden peripheren Nervenschäden. Wahrscheinlich krebserzeugend für den Menschen. Kann zu vererbbaren genetischen Schäden führen.
LECKAGE
Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Verschüttetes Material in Behältern sammeln. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. Chemikalienschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabhängigem Atemschutzgerät.
R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
R45:Kann Krebs erzeugen.
R46:Kann vererbbare Schäden verursachen.
R20/21:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen und bei Berührung mit der Haut.
R25:Giftig beim Verschlucken.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
R43:Sensibilisierung durch Hautkontakt möglich.
R48/23/24/25:Giftig: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R62:Kann möglicherweise die Fortpflanzungsfähigkeit beeinträchtigen.
R48/20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich: Gefahr ernster Gesundheitsschäden bei längerer Exposition durch Einatmen, Berührung mit der Haut und durch Verschlucken.
R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
R24/25:Giftig bei Berührung mit der Haut und beim Verschlucken.
S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:
S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S24:Berührung mit der Haut vermeiden.
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
C3H5NO. (Propenamid). Farblose Kristalle.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Gefährliche Reaktionen mit Laugen, Säuren, Oxidationsmitteln. Bei Erwärmung bis zum Schmelzpunkt kann heftige exotherme Polymerisation eintreten.
Kann Krebs erzeugen! Giftig beim Einatmen, Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut. Dämpfe und Lösungen reizen Augen und Haut. Acrylamid ist ein starkes Nervengift.
Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Alle Arbeiten im Abzug durchführen. Flaschen dicht verschlossen, kühl, unter Lichtschutz aufbewahren.
Latex- oder Neoprenschutzhandschuhe (nur als kurzzeitiger Spritz- oder Staubschutz).
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Verschüttete Substanz vorsichtig aufnehmen und als Sondermüll entsorgen. Verschüttete Lösung mit Bindemittel z.B. Rench-Rapid aufnehmen und als Sondermüll entsorgen.
Wasser, Schaum.
Kein Kohlendioxid!
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit viel Wasser und Seife gründlich waschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit viel Wasser bei geöffnetem Lidspalt mindestens 15 Minuten ausspülen. Augenarzt!
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft.
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken. Erbrechen auslösen. Notarzt!
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Helfer auf Selbstschutz achten.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Acrylamid-Lösungen nicht in den Ausguß gießen, sondern mit Wasser auf eine Konzentration von 8-10% bringen und in neutralem bis schwach alkalischem Milieu (pH 7-8) portionsweise (max. 50 ml in einem 200 ml Becherglas) im Abzug unter Zugabe von 1 µl 40%iger Ammoniumpersulfatlösung/ml und 0,5 µl Tetramethylethylendiamin/ml über Nacht auspolymerisieren lassen.
Beschreibung
Acrylamide is an odorless, white crystalline solid that initially
was produced for commercial purposes by reaction of acrylonitrile
with hydrated sulfuric acid.
Acrylamide exists in two forms: a monomer and a polymer.
Monomer acrylamide readily participates in radicalinitiated
polymerization reactions, whose products form the
basis of most of its industrial applications. The single unit
form of acrylamide is toxic to the nervous system, a carcinogen
in laboratory animals and a suspected carcinogen in
humans. The multiple unit or polymeric form is not known to
be toxic.
Acrylamide is formed as a by-product of the Maillard reaction.
The Maillard reaction is best known as a reaction that
produces pleasant flavor, taste, and golden color in fried and
baked foods; the reaction occurs between amines and carbonyl
compounds, particularly reducing sugars and the amino acid
asparagine. In the first step of the reaction, asparagine reacts
with a reducing sugar, forming a Schiff’s base. From this
compound, acrylamide is formed following a complex reaction
pathway that includes decarboxylation and a multistage elimination
reaction. Acrylamide formation in bakery products,
investigated in a model system, showed that free asparagine
was a limiting factor. Treatment of flours with asparaginase
practically prevented acrylamide formation. Coffee drinking
and smoking are other major sources apart from the human
diet.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Acrylamide, in monomeric form, is an odorless, flake-like crystals which sublime slow at room temperature. May be dissolved in a flammable liquid.
Verwenden
Over 90% of acrylamide is used to make polyacrylamides (PAMs), and the remaining 10% is used to make N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) and other monomers. Water treatment PAMs consumed 60% of the acrylamide; PAMs for pulp and paper production consume 20% of the acrylamide; and PAMs for mineral processing consume 10% of the acrylamide. Some of the specific uses of acrylamide are:
In liquid-solid separation where acrylamide polymers act as flocculants and aids in mineral processing, waste treatment and water treatment. They also help reduce sludge volumes in these applications.
As additives in the manufacture of paper and paper board products, leather and paint industries. In the paper industry PAMs act as retention aids during wet end processing and in wet strength additives.
In the manufacture of synthetic resins for pigment binders for textile/leather industries, and In enhanced oil recovery.
use in protein electrophoresis (PAGE), synthesis of dyes and copolymers for contact lenses. It is reasonably anticipated to be a hum an carcinogen.
Definition
ChEBI: A member of the class of acrylamides that results from the formal condensation of acrylic acid with ammonia.
synthetische
The principal synthetic route to making acrylamide involves the hydration of acrylonitrile (ACRN). In this process an aqueous ACRN solution reacts over a copper-oxide-chromium oxide catalyst at approximately 100°C. Several other catalyst systems have been used, and most of them contain copper - in some form. The reaction step is followed by purification and concentration to a 50% solution in a vacuum evaporator. The yield of acrylamide from ACRN is 98%. The purification and concentration steps are costly and also involve the recycle of ACRN back to the reaction step. In the early part of the new century, a catalytic distillation process has been developed that converts almost 100% of the ACRN to acrylamide and allows concentration to occur in the same column where acrylamide is made. Therefore this process is less costly.
Nitto Chemical (now Dia-Nitrix) introduced a biosynthetic route from ACRN to acrylamide in Japan in 1985. This process uses an immobilized nitrile hydratase biocatalyst that converts the ACRN solution to acrylamide with a yield of 99.5%. This high yield allows a concentrated acrylamide solution to be made without the need for ACRN recycle or solution concentration. This process therefore has lower energy costs.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A solution of a colorless crystalline solid. Flash point depends on the solvent but below 141°F. Less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Toxic oxides of nitrogen produced during combustion. Used for sewage and waste treatment, to make dyes and adhesives.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Acrylamide is very soluble in water. The solvent is not necessarily water soluble.
Reaktivität anzeigen
ACRYLAMIDE SOLUTION reacts with azo and diazo compounds to generate toxic gases. Flammable gases are formed with strong reducing agents. Combustion generates mixed oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Spontaneous, violent polymerization occurs at the melting point (86°C of the undissolved solid [Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 428].
Health Hazard
The acute toxicity of acrylamide is moderate by ingestion or skin contact. Skin
exposure leads to redness and peeling of the skin of the palms. Aqueous acrylamide
solutions cause eye irritation; exposure to a 50% solution of acrylamide caused
slight corneal injury and slight conjunctival irritation, which healed in 8 days.
The chronic toxicity of acrylamide is high. Repeated exposure to ~2 mg/kg per day
may result in neurotoxic effects, including unsteadiness, muscle weakness, and
numbness in the feet (leading to paralysis of the legs), numbness in the hands,
slurred speech, vertigo, and fatigue. Exposure to slightly higher repeated doses in
animal studies has induced multisite cancers and reproductive effects, including
abortion, reduced fertility, and mutagenicity. Acrylamide is listed in IARC Group
2B ("possible human carcinogen") and is classified as a "select carcinogen" under
the criteria of the OSHA Laboratory Standard.
Flammability and Explosibility
The volatility of acrylamide is low (0.03 mmHg at 40 °C), and it does not pose a
significant flammability hazard.
Chemische Reaktivität
Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: Data not available; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: May occur at temperature above 50°C (120°F); Inhibitor of Polymerization: Oxygen (air) plus 50 ppm of copper as copper sulfate.
Kontakt-Allergie
Acrylamide is used in the plastic polymers industry for
water treatments and soil stabilization and to prepare polyacrylamide
gels for electrophoresis. This neurotoxic, carcinogenic,
and genotoxic substance is known to have caused
contact dermatitis in industrial and laboratory workers
Sicherheitsprofil
Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and neoplastigenic data. Poison by ingestion, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. A skin and eye irritantIntoxication from it has caused a peripheral neuropathy, erythema, and peeling palms. In industry, intoxication is mainly via dermal route, next via inhalation, and last via ingestion. Time of onset varied from 1-24 months to 8 years. Symptoms were, via dermal route, a numbness, tingling, and touch tenderness. In a couple of weeks, coldness of extremities; later, excessive sweating, bluish-red and peeling palms, marked fatigue and limb weakness. It is dangerous because it can be absorbed through the unbroken skin. From animal experiments it seems to be a central nervous system toxin. Adult rats fed an average of 30 mg/kg for 14 days were all partially paralyzed and had reduced their food consumption by 50 percent. Polymerizes violently at its melting point. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid fumes and NOX,.
mögliche Exposition
Added to water during sewage/wastewater treatment. Used in the manufacture of plastics, resins, rubber, synthetic textiles; as a dye, pigment. A major application for monomeric acrylamide is in the production of polymers as polyacrylamides. Polyacrylamides are used for soil stabilization, gel chromatography, electrophoresis, papermaking strengtheners, clarifications, and treatment of potable water and foods.
Carcinogenicity
Acrylamide is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.
Environmental Fate
Biological. Bridié et al. (1979) reported BOD and COD values of 0.05 and 1.33 g/g using
filtered effluent from a biological sanitary waste treatment plant. These values were determined
using a standard dilution method at 20 °C for a period of 5 d. When a sewage seed was used in a
separate screening test, a BOD value of 0.92 g/g was obtained. In a treatment plant, a BOD value
of 0.40 g/g was reported after 10 d (Mills et al., 1953). The ThOD for acrylamide is 1.35 g/g.
Soil. Under aerobic conditions, acrylamide degraded to ammonium ions which oxidized to
nitrite ions and nitrate ions. The ammonium ions produced in soil may volatilize as ammonia or
accumulate as nitrite ions in sandy or calcareous soils (Abdelmagid and Tabatabai, 1982).
Chemical/Physical. Readily polymerizes at the melting point or under UV light. In the presence
of alkali, polymerization is a violent reaction. On standing, may turn to yellowish color (Windholz
et al., 1983).
Lager
In
particular, this substance should be handled only when wearing appropriate
impermeable gloves to prevent skin contact, and all operations that have the
potential of producing acrylamide dusts or aerosols of solutions should be conducted
in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation.
Versand/Shipping
UN2074 Acrylamide, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials
läuterung methode
Crystallise acrylamide from acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol or *benzene/chloroform mixture, then vacuum dry and store it in the dark under vacuum. Recrystallise it from CHCl3 by dissolving 200g in 1L, heating to boiling and filtering without suction in a warmed funnel through Whatman 541 filter paper; allowing to cool to room temperature and keeping at -15o overnight. The crystals are collected with suction in a cooled funnel and washed with 300mL of cold MeOH. The crystals are air-dried in a warm oven. [Dawson et al. Data for Biochemical Research, Oxford Press 1986 p. 449, Beilstein 2 IV 1471.] CAUTION: Acrylamide is extremely TOXIC (neurotoxic), and precautions must be taken to avoid skin contact or inhalation. Use gloves and handle in a well-ventilated fume cupboard.
Inkompatibilitäten
Acrylamide may decompose with heat and polymerize at temperatures above 84 C, or exposure to light, releasing ammonia gas. Reacts violently with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Reacts with reducing agents; peroxides, acids, bases, and vinyl polymerization initiators. Fine particles of dust form explosive mixture with air.
Waste disposal
Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥100 kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transportation, treatment, and waste disposal. Acrylamide residue and sorbent material may be packaged in epoxy-lined drums and taken to an EPAapproved disposal site. Incineration with provisions for scrubbing of nitrogen oxides from flue gases. Deep well injection.
Acrylamid Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
