D(+)-ぶどう糖一水和物 化学特性,用途語,生産方法
定義
本品は、デンプンを加水分解して得られる糖であり、次の化学式で表される。
解説
高等動物の各組織のエネルギー源となるほか、工業的には医薬品、食品の甘味剤、染色・皮なめしなどの還元剤、発酵工業原料、分析試薬などに広く用いられる。
株式会社平凡社 百科事典マイペディアについて 情報
無機性値/有機性値
585/120
化粧品の成分用途
保湿.湿潤剤、保水剤、皮膚コンディショニング剤、香味剤
説明
D-(+)-Glucose monohydrate, commonly known as glucose or dextrose, has several microbiological applications. It is used as a carbon source in microbial culture media to promote the growth and propagation of various microorganisms. Glucose is a simple sugar and a primary energy source for bacterial cell metabolism. It is a common natural sugar involved in processes such as energy production, glycosylation, and formation of glycans that provide structure to cells. It is involved in a detrimental process in cells called glycation.
化学的特性
D-Glucose monohydrate is white or almost white, crystalline powder.
使用
Replenisher (fluid and nutrient).
調製方法
Dextrose, a monosaccharide sugar, occurs widely in plants and is manufactured on a large scale by the acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of starch, usually maize (corn) starch. Below 50°C a-D-dextrose monohydrate is the stable crystalline form produced; above 50°C the anhydrous form is obtained; and at still higher temperatures b-D-dextrose is formed, which has a melting point of 148–155°C.
定義
A monosaccharide occurring
widely in nature as D-glucose. It occurs
as glucose units in sucrose, starch, and
cellulose. It is important to metabolism because
it participates in energy-storage and
energy-release systems.
农业用途
Glucose is a monosaccharide sugar found in honey and fruits. It is the primary product of plant photosynthesis, which is optically active and dextrorotatory.
Glucose and its derivatives are critically important in the energy metabolism of living organisms. It is transported around the animal body through blood, and by lymph and cerebrospinal fluid, to cells where the energy is released during glycolysis.
Fructose, the stereoisomer of glucose, occurs in green plants, fruits and honey. It is sweeter than sucrose.
Yeasts readily ferment glucose to produce ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. It is also metabolized by bacteria into acetic and butyric acids, lactic acid, butyl alcohol, acetone, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and many other compounds.
Plants and animals convert complex carbohydrates (like starch and glycogen) into glucose to meet their energy needs. Glucose is produced commercially by hydrolysing corn starch with dilute mineral acid. Commercial glucose is mostly used in the manufacture of confections and in the canning industry.
応用例（製薬）
Dextrose is widely used in solutions to adjust tonicity and as a sweetening agent.Dextrose is also used as a wet granulation diluent and binder, primarily in chewable tablets.Although dextrose is comparable as a tablet diluent to lactose, tablets produced with dextrose monohydrate require more lubrication, are less friable, and have a tendency to harden. The mildly reducing properties of dextrose may be used when tableting to improve the stability of active materials that are sensitive to oxidation.
Dextrose is also used therapeutically and is the preferred source of carbohydrate in parenteral nutrition regimens.
安全性
D-Glucose monohydrate is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is metabolized to carbondioxide and water with therelease ofenergy.
Concentrated D-Glucose monohydrate solutions given by mouth may cause nausea and vomiting. D-Glucose monohydrate solutions of concentration greater than 5% w/v are hyperosmotic and are liable to cause local vein irritation following intravenous administration. Thrombophlebitis has been observed following the intravenous infusion of isoosmotic D-Glucose monohydrate solution with low pH, probably owing to the presence of degradation products formed by overheating during sterilization. The incidence of phlebitis may be reduced by adding sufficient sodium bicarbonate to raise the pH of the infusion above pH 7.
LD50 (mouse, IV): 9g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 25.8g/kg
Physiological effects
Dextrose Monohydrate is the monohydrate form of D-glucose, it restore blood glucose levels, provide calories, may aid in minimizing liver glycogen depletion and exerts a protein-sparing action.Dextrose Monohydratealso plays a role in the production of proteins and in lipid metabolism.
貯蔵
D-Glucose monohydrate has good stability under dry storage conditions. Aqueous solutions may be sterilized by autoclaving. However, excessive heating can cause a reduction in pH and caramelization of solutions.
Thebulkmaterialshouldbestoredinawell-closedcontainerina cool, dry place.
不和合性
Dextrose solutions are incompatible with a number of drugs such as cyanocobalamin, kanamycin sulfate, novobiocin sodium, and warfarin sodium. Erythromycin gluceptate isunstable indextrose solutions at a pH less than 5.05. Decomposition of B-complex vitamins may occur if they are warmed with dextrose.
In the aldehyde form, dextrose can react with amines, amides, amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Brown coloration and decomposition occur with strong alkalis.
Dextrose may cause browning of tablets containing amines (Maillard reaction).
規制状況(Regulatory Status)
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (capsules; inhalations; IM, IV, and SC injections; tablets, oral solutions, and syrups). Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
D(+)-ぶどう糖一水和物 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品