Acyclovir NEW

Acyclovir Cas 59277-89-3

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Acyclovir is a cornerstone antiviral medication primarily used to treat infections caused by the herpes family of viruses, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It was one of the first successful antiviral drugs developed and remains a first-line treatment for many conditions.

Medical Uses
Acyclovir is prescribed for a range of infections. For herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 and HSV-2), it treats initial and recurrent episodes of genital herpes, manages cold sores (herpes labialis), and is used as a daily suppressive therapy to reduce the frequency of outbreaks. It is also crucial in treating herpes simplex encephalitis, a serious brain infection. For the varicella-zoster virus, acyclovir is used to treat chickenpox in otherwise healthy children and adults, and to treat shingles (herpes zoster), which is the reactivation of the virus later in life.

Mechanism of Action: A "Trojan Horse" for Viruses
Acyclovir's brilliance lies in its selective mechanism. It is a nucleoside analogue, meaning it mimics a building block of DNA (guanosine). The drug itself is inactive until it enters a virus-infected cell. Inside the cell, it undergoes a three-step activation process, first by a viral enzyme called thymidine kinase. This viral enzyme is much more efficient at activating acyclovir than human enzymes are. Once activated, the drug works in two ways: 1) It competes with natural guanosine to be incorporated into the growing DNA chain of the virus, and 2) Once incorporated, it acts as a chain terminator, halting the viral DNA replication process. Because it is preferentially activated in infected cells, it has minimal effect on healthy human cells, resulting in a favorable safety profile.

Administration and Side Effects
Acyclovir is available in several forms: topical cream for skin lesions, oral tablets and capsules for systemic treatment, and intravenous (IV) formulations for severe, hospitalized cases. Common side effects are generally mild and can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and headache. Intravenous administration requires caution, as it can cause kidney impairment if not given with adequate fluids.

In summary, acyclovir is a highly effective and selective antiviral drug that suppresses viral replication by acting as a faulty DNA building block. While it does not eradicate the virus from the body, it effectively controls symptoms, speeds healing, and reduces the risk of transmission.

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