SOX10 (SRY-related HMG-box 10) is a transcription factor belonging to the SOX protein family, which plays a critical role in the development and differentiation of neural crest-derived cells. During embryogenesis, SOX10 is essential for the formation of Schwann cells, melanocytes, and certain components of the peripheral nervous system. Its expression persists in mature cells of these lineages, making it a valuable marker for studying normal tissue development and related pathologies. In diagnostic pathology, SOX10 antibodies are widely utilized as immunohistochemical markers. They are particularly important in identifying tumors derived from neural crest cells, such as malignant melanoma, schwannomas, and neurofibromas. SOX10 demonstrates high sensitivity in detecting melanoma cells, often complementing other markers like S100 and HMB-45. Additionally, it aids in distinguishing melanocytic tumors from carcinomas or sarcomas with similar morphological features. Recent studies have also highlighted SOX10 expression in breast cancer, particularly triple-negative subtypes, where it may correlate with aggressive behavior. In normal tissues, SOX10 is expressed in peripheral nerves, skin melanocytes, and salivary glands. Its nuclear staining pattern helps confirm cellular origin in tumor diagnosis. However, pathologists must interpret results cautiously, as rare non-neural crest tumors may show aberrant expression. Ongoing research continues to explore SOX10's prognostic implications and its role in tumorigenesis across various malignancies.