NCAM1 (Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule 1), also known as CD56. is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It plays a critical role in cell-cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, synaptic plasticity, and signal transduction during neural development, immune regulation, and tissue repair. NCAM1 is expressed in neurons, glial cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and certain tumors. Its isoforms, generated by alternative splicing, mediate homophilic and heterophilic interactions, influencing cell migration, differentiation, and survival.
Antibodies targeting NCAM1 are widely used in research and diagnostics. In neuroscience, they help study neural circuit formation and neurodegenerative diseases. In oncology, NCAM1 antibodies aid in identifying tumors like neuroblastoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, and multiple myeloma, where NCAM1 is overexpressed. Therapeutic applications are emerging, with antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) or CAR-T cells under investigation for targeting NCAM1-positive cancers.
However, challenges remain due to NCAM1's complex glycosylation patterns and context-dependent functions. Some studies also link NCAM1 autoantibodies to psychiatric disorders, suggesting its broader pathophysiological relevance. Overall, NCAM1 antibodies serve as vital tools for unraveling biological mechanisms and developing targeted therapies.