VIPR1 (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor 1), also known as VPAC1. is a G protein-coupled receptor that binds vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). It plays critical roles in modulating neurotransmission, immune responses, and endocrine functions. VIPR1 is widely expressed in tissues, including the brain, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, and immune cells. Its activation triggers cAMP signaling pathways, influencing cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, and smooth muscle relaxation.
Antibodies targeting VIPR1 are essential tools for studying its expression, localization, and function in physiological and pathological contexts. They are utilized in techniques like immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, and Western blotting to investigate VIPR1's involvement in diseases such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and metabolic disorders. For example, VIPR1 overexpression has been linked to tumor growth and immune evasion, making it a potential therapeutic target.
Developing VIPR1 antibodies presents challenges due to the receptor's structural complexity and homology with VIPR2 (VPAC2). Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies have been generated, with specificity validated through knockout controls or competitive binding assays. Recent research also explores therapeutic applications, including antibody-based strategies to block VIPR1 signaling in autoimmune diseases or to enhance receptor activation in neurodegenerative conditions. These antibodies continue to advance our understanding of VIPR1's multifaceted roles in health and disease.