**Background of BSG Antibodies**
Basigin (BSG), also known as CD147 or EMMPRIN, is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily. It plays critical roles in cellular processes such as adhesion, signaling, and modulation of extracellular matrix remodeling by inducing matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). BSG is widely expressed in various tissues, including immune cells, endothelial cells, and cancer cells, and is implicated in pathological conditions like cancer progression, viral infections, and inflammatory diseases.
In cancer, BSG promotes tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis by facilitating MMP secretion and interactions with integrins or monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). Its overexpression in malignancies makes it a therapeutic target. BSG also serves as a receptor for pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. mediating viral entry into host cells. Additionally, it regulates T-cell immunity and spermatogenesis.
BSG antibodies are tools for research and therapeutic development. They block BSG-mediated pathways, inhibit tumor growth, or neutralize pathogen entry. Monoclonal antibodies (e.g., *meplazumab*) targeting BSG have shown potential in preclinical studies for COVID-19 and cancer. Diagnostic applications include detecting BSG as a biomarker in cancers or inflammatory diseases.
Structurally, BSG contains two extracellular Ig-like domains, a transmembrane region, and a short cytoplasmic tail. Antibodies often target its extracellular domains to disrupt protein-protein interactions. Challenges include optimizing specificity and minimizing off-target effects. Overall, BSG antibodies hold promise for precision medicine in oncology, virology, and immunology.