DNA 复制：以现有的 DNA 链作为模板，从 5' 端向 3' 端方向合成一条与之互补的新链。需要注意的是，该酶无法直接启动新链的合成，必须依靠引物（通常是 RNA 引物）提供 3'-OH 末端。
校对功能：部分 DNA 聚合酶具备 3'→5' 外切酶活性。在 DNA 合成过程中，若出现碱基错配的情况，它能够切除错误的核苷酸，从而显著提高 DNA 复制的准确性。
DNA 修复：参与多种 DNA 修复机制，例如碱基切除修复、核苷酸切除修复等，对受损的 DNA 分子进行修复。
原核生物（以大肠杆菌为例）：
DNA 聚合酶 III（Pol III）：是 DNA 复制的主要酶，负责催化新链的延伸。
DNA 聚合酶 I（Pol I）：主要作用是切除 RNA 引物，并填补 DNA 链中的缺口。
DNA 聚合酶 II（Pol II）：在 DNA 损伤修复过程中发挥作用。
真核生物：
Pol α（引发酶 - 聚合酶复合体）：参与 DNA 复制的起始阶段，负责合成 RNA - DNA 引物。
Pol δ 和 Pol ε：是主要的复制酶，其中 Pol δ 负责合成滞后链，Pol ε 负责合成前导链。
Pol γ：在线粒体 DNA 的复制和修复中起作用。
Pol β 等：参与 DNA 的碱基切除修复。
PCR 技术：像 Taq DNA 聚合酶（源自 Thermus aquaticus ）这类耐热聚合酶，是聚合酶链式反应（PCR）的核心组成部分，广泛应用于基因扩增领域。
分子克隆与基因工程：用于 DNA 片段的合成、测序以及载体构建等操作。
医学与生物学研究：可用于研究 DNA 复制机制、遗传疾病以及开发抗病毒药物（例如针对逆转录酶的抑制剂）等。
DNA Replication：It synthesizes a complementary DNA strand in the 5'→3' direction using an existing DNA strand as a template. Notably, it cannot initiate strand synthesis de novo and requires a primer (usually an RNA primer) to provide a 3'-OH end.
Proofreading：Some DNA polymerases possess 3'→5' exonuclease activity. During DNA synthesis, they can excise mispaired nucleotides, significantly enhancing the fidelity of DNA replication.
DNA Repair：It participates in various DNA repair mechanisms, such as base excision repair and nucleotide excision repair, to mend damaged DNA molecules.
Prokaryotes (e.g., E. coli)：
DNA Polymerase III (Pol III)：It is the main replicative enzyme responsible for chain elongation during DNA replication.
DNA Polymerase I (Pol I)：Its main roles are to remove RNA primers and fill gaps in DNA strands.
DNA Polymerase II (Pol II)：It is involved in DNA damage repair.
Eukaryotes：
Pol α (Primase - Polymerase Complex)：It participates in the initiation of DNA replication by synthesizing RNA-DNA primers.
Pol δ and Pol ε：They are the primary replicative enzymes, with Pol δ synthesizing the lagging strand and Pol ε synthesizing the leading strand.
Pol γ：It is responsible for mitochondrial DNA replication and repair.
Pol β, etc.：They are involved in base excision repair of DNA.
PCR Technology：Heat - stable polymerases like Taq DNA polymerase (from Thermus aquaticus) are core components of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), widely used for gene amplification.
Molecular Cloning and Genetic Engineering：It is used for DNA fragment synthesis, sequencing, and vector construction.
Medical and Biological Research：It is used to study DNA replication mechanisms, genetic diseases, and develop antiviral drugs (e.g., inhibitors targeting reverse transcriptase).
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