The p53 antibody is a crucial tool in cancer research and diagnostics, targeting the p53 protein encoded by the TP53 gene. This tumor suppressor protein regulates cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and genomic stability. Mutations in TP53. occurring in ~50% of human cancers, often lead to p53 protein accumulation due to impaired degradation, making it detectable by immunohistochemistry. Wild-type p53. in contrast, is typically low in concentration due to rapid turnover.
p53 antibodies are widely used to detect both wild-type and mutant forms in tissues or cell lines. Common clones like DO-7 and PAb1801 recognize specific epitopes, aiding in differentiating normal and dysfunctional p53. In clinical settings, abnormal p53 expression correlates with poor prognosis, therapy resistance, and tumor aggressiveness in cancers such as breast, ovarian, and colorectal. Researchers also use these antibodies to study p53's interactions with other proteins, its post-translational modifications, and its role in cellular stress responses.
However, interpretation requires caution: not all mutations cause protein accumulation, and some antibodies may cross-react with isoforms or degraded fragments. Standardized protocols and antibody validation are critical for reliable results. Beyond diagnostics, p53 antibodies contribute to developing targeted therapies, including drugs aiming to restore wild-type p53 function or inhibit mutant p53 oncogenic activity. Their versatility underscores their importance in bridging basic research and clinical oncology.