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| | Halofuginone hydrobromide Basic information | | regulation |
| | Halofuginone hydrobromide Chemical Properties |
| Melting point | 247° (dec) | | storage temp. | Store at -20°C | | solubility | Soluble to 100 mM in DMSO. | | form | Solid | | color | White to off-white | | Major Application | forensics and toxicology
pharmaceutical (small molecule) | | InChI | InChI=1/C16H17BrClN3O3.BrH/c17-11-6-13-10(5-12(11)18)16(24)21(8-20-13)7-9(22)4-14-15(23)2-1-3-19-14;/h5-6,8,14-15,19,23H,1-4,7H2;1H/t14-,15+;/s3 | | InChIKey | SJUWEPZBTXEUMU-DWKGARMTNA-N | | SMILES | C12C=C(C(Br)=CC=1N=CN(CC(=O)C[C@@H]1NCCC[C@H]1O)C2=O)Cl.Br |&1:14,19,r| |
| Hazard Codes | Xn | | Risk Statements | 22 | | RIDADR | UN2811 - class 6.1 - PG 1 - EHS - Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., HI: all | | WGK Germany | 3 | | RTECS | VA2397066 | | Storage Class | 6.1A - Combustible acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2
very toxic hazardous materials | | Hazard Classifications | Acute Tox. 1 Dermal
Acute Tox. 2 Inhalation
Acute Tox. 2 Oral
Aquatic Acute 1
Aquatic Chronic 1
Eye Irrit. 2
Skin Irrit. 2 |
| | Halofuginone hydrobromide Usage And Synthesis |
| regulation |
Halofuginone hydrobromide is included in the European Union Register of Feed Additives pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003 and is authorized for use in chickens for fattening and turkeys (maximum age 12 weeks) at a dose range of 2–3 mg/kg complete feedingstuffs with a withdrawal time of 5 days[1].
The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) issued an opinion on the coccidiostat STENOROL® containing 0.6% halofuginone hydrobromide for chickens for fattening and turkeys (EFSA, 2003).
| | Description | Halofuginone hydrobromide (Halofuginone) is a specific collagen Type I inhibitor that antagonize or inhibit the development of new blood vessels, hence can prevent intimal hyperplasia at a vascular anastomosis. It is used in the treatment or prevention of coccidiosis in both humans and animals. | | Chemical Properties | White to Off-White Solid | | Uses | Halogenated derivative of Febrifugine. Halofuginone hydrobromide is used as an antiprotozoal (coccidiostat). | | Definition | The hydrobromide salt of halofuginone, a semisynthetic quinazolinone alkaloid anticoccidial derived from the plant Dichroa febrifuga, with antifibrotic and potential antineoplastic activities. Halofuginone specifically inhibits collagen type I gene expression and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) gene expression, which may result in the suppression of angiogenesis, tumor stromal cell development, and tumor cell growth. These effects appear to be due to halofuginone-mediated inhibition of the collagen type I and MMP-2 promoters. Collagen type I and MMP-2 play important roles in fibro-proliferative diseases. | | Biological Activity | Halofuginone hydrobromide is a high affinity competitive prolyl-tRNA synthetase inhibitor (Ki = 18.3 nM). Blocks expression of MMP2. Inhibits ECM invasion in vitro and lung metastasis by bladder cancer cells in mice. Inhibits the development of Th17-driven autoimmunity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by activating the amino acid response (AAR) pathway. Also antiparasitic. | | Toxicology | Halofuginone HBr (Halofuginone hydrobromide) is toxic by inhalation, dermal and ocular routes and is very irritant to both the eye and the skin. It is considered also a skin sensitiser[1].
| | storage | Store at -20°C | | Mode of action | Halofuginone is an an ATP-dependent inhibitor prolyl-tRNA synthetase (Ki of 18.3 nM). Halofuginone attenuates osteoarthritis (OA) by inhibition of TGF-β activity. Blocks expression of MMP2 and inhibits ECM invasion in vitro and lung metastasis by bladder cancer cells in mice. Also inhibits the development of Th17-driven autoimmunity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis by activating the amino acid response (AAR) pathway. | | References |
[1] Vasileios Bampidis, Giovanna Azimonti, Maria de Lourdes Bastos, et al. “Safety of a feed additive consisting of halofuginone hydrobromide (STENOROL) for chickens for fattening and turkeys (Huvepharma N.V.).” EFSA Journal 20 12 (2022).
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| | Halofuginone hydrobromide Preparation Products And Raw materials |
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